An international team of scientists, led by researchers at Durham University in the United Kingdom, made the discovery using the Hubble Space Telescope and the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope to view the simultaneous collision of four distant galaxies at the center of a galaxy cluster 1.3 billion light-years away from Earth, according to press releases by the university and ESO.
The researchers' findings appear in Wednesday's edition of the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Researchers noticed that one dark matter clump appeared to be lagging behind the galaxy it surrounds. They said the clump was currently offset from its galaxy by 5,000 light-years (50,000 million km) - a distance it would take NASA's Voyager spacecraft 90 million years to travel.
Such an offset is predicted during collisions if dark matter interacts, even very slightly, with forces other than gravity. Computer simulations show that the extra friction from the collision would make the dark matter slow down, and eventually lag behind.
Scientists believe that all galaxies exist inside clumps of dark matter - called "dark" because it is thought to interact only with gravity, therefore making it invisible. Nobody knows what dark matter is, but it is believed to make up about 85 percent of the universe's mass. Without the constraining effect of its extra gravity, galaxies like our Milky Way would fling themselves apart as they spin.
In the latest study, the researchers were able to "see" the dark matter clump because of the distorting effect its mass has on the light from background galaxies - a technique called gravitational lensing. The researchers added that their finding potentially rules out the standard theory of cold dark matter, where dark matter interacts only with gravity.
According to the press release from Durham University, lead author Richard Massey, a Royal Society Research Fellow in Durham University's Institute for Computational Cosmology, said: "We used to think that dark matter sits around, minding its own business. But if it slowed down during this collision, this could be the first dynamical evidence that dark matter notices the world around it. Dark matter may not be completely 'dark' after all."
"Our observation suggests that dark matter might be able to interact with more forces than just gravity," said team member Liliya Williams, of the University of Minnesota, according to the press release. "The parallel universe going on around us has just got interesting. The dark sector could contain rich physics and potentially complex behavior."
In March, Massey and his colleagues published observations showing that dark matter interacted very little during 72 collisions between galaxy clusters (each containing up to 1,000 galaxies). His latest research concerns the motion of individual galaxies. Researchers say that the collision between these galaxies could have lasted longer than the collisions observed in the previous study -- allowing even a small frictional force to build up over time.
Taken together, the two results bracket the behavior of dark matter for the first time. Dark matter interacts more than this, but less than that. Massey added: "We are finally homing in dark matter from above and below -- squeezing our knowledge from two directions. Dark matter, we're coming for you."
Reference:
"The Behavior of Dark Matter Associated with 4 Bright Cluster Galaxies Located in the 10 kpc Core of Abell 3827," Richard Massey et al., Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 15 April 2015 [https://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/mnras/stv467 ]
The research was funded by the Royal Society, the Science and Technology Facilities Council and The Leverhulme Trust.
